Valdai Club

Landlocked between two major powers, Russia and China, Mongolia has historically navigated a delicate balance to maintain political and economic autonomy. The PoS‑2 pipeline could enhance Mongolia’s connectivity and regional relevance, but it also exposes the country to structural risks associated with its role as a transit state. Lucas Leiroz de Almeida, Master’s candidate at the Brazilian War College, explores the potential benefits and pitfalls tied to participating in the initiative. The author is a participant of the Valdai—New Generation project.

Russia’s prospective engagement with the Organisation of Turkic States cannot be treated as a linear policy option. It is, instead, a multidimensional issue shaped by institutional constraints, normative tensions, ethnic relations, geopolitical rivalries, and symbolic considerations, writes Lucas Leiroz de Almeida. The author is a participant of the Valdai – New Generation project.

In recent years, Hungarian foreign policy under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has shifted markedly from the mainstream Euro-Atlanticist consensus. While much attention has been paid to Hungary’s emphasis on sovereignty, multipolarity, and traditional values, one subtle but increasingly relevant ideological dimension deserves further scrutiny: the revival of Neo-Turanism.